1 状语
状语最常见的用法是修饰谓语,用来说明动作或状态的时间、地点、方式、原因等。状语也可以修饰整个句子,被称为句子状语,用来表达说话者的态度或对句子的补充说明等。
1.1 状语的位置
状语的位置比较灵活,通常可以放在句首、句中或句末,具体位置取决于状语的类型和句子的结构:
- 句首:In the morning, he goes jogging.
- 句中:He quickly finished his homework.
- 句末:He finished his homework quickly.
1.2 状语的类型
状语可以由副词、介词短语、分词短语或从句充当:
- 副词作状语:He runs fast.
- 介词短语作状语:She works in the office.
- 分词短语作状语:Finished his homework, he went out to play. (过去分词短语作状语)
- 从句作状语:When the rain stopped, we went out.
1.3 状语修饰谓语
状语修饰谓语时,主要用来说明动作或状态发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等。例如:
(1)时间状语
He arrived yesterday. 状语yesterday修饰谓语动词arrived。
分词短语作时间状语:Seeing the result, he smiled. Seeing the result 表示时间,相当于When he saw the result.
(2)地点状语
They live in New York. 状语in New York修饰谓语动词live。
(3)方式状语
She sings beautifully. 状语beautifully修饰谓语动词sings。
分词短语作方式状语:He walked into the room, holding a book in his hand. holding a book in his hand表示方式。
(4)原因状语
He left because he was sick. 状语从句because he was sick修饰谓语动词left。
分词短语作原因状语:Encourage by his friends, he decided to try again. 这里的Encouraged by his friends是分词短语作原因状语,因为受到朋友的鼓励才决定再次尝试。等价于Because he was encouraged by his friends, he decided to try again.
(5)程度状语
He is very tall. 状语very修饰形容词tall,而形容词tall是系动词is的表语,整体上可以认为状语修饰了谓语部分。
(6)伴随状语
伴随状语是一种特殊的状语,它通常由现在分词短语或过去分词短语构成,用来描述主语在执行谓语动作时的另一个动作或状态。它既修饰主语,又起到状语的作用。
- Singing a song, she walked down the street. Singing a song是伴随状语,修饰主语she, 描述她在走路时另一个动作。
- Covered in mud, the car looked terrible. Covered in mud是伴随状语,修饰主语the car, 描述车的状态。
(7)条件状语
分词短语作条件状语:Given another chance, he would do better. Given another chance表示条件,相当于If he were given another chance.
(8)结果状语
分词短语作结果状语:He arrived late, missing the meeting. missing the meeting表示结果,相当于so he missed the meeting.
1.4 状语修饰整个句子
除了修饰谓语动词,状语还可以修饰整个句子,用来表达说话者的观点、态度或对整个句子的补充说明。这种状语被称为句子状语。
- Surprisingly, he passed the exam. 这里的surprisingly是句子状语,修饰整个句子。
- Unfortunately, the meeting was cancelled. 这里的unfortunately是句子状语,修饰整个句子。
2 分词短语
分词短语在句子中可以充当多种成分,但最常见的用法是作定语或状语。
1.1 分词短语的构成
分词短语由分词(现在分词或过去分词)及其所修饰的宾语或状语构成。
(1)现在分词短语
- 构成:现在分词(以-ing结尾)+宾语/状语
- 功能:表示主动或正在进行的动作。
- 例子:Running through the forest, the deer escaped the hunter.
- 例子说明:Running through the forest 是现在分词短语,修饰主语 the deer, 表示动作的伴随状态。Running(现在分词)+ through the forest(介词短语,状语). Running through the forest在这里是作句子的状语,因为它修饰主语 the deer, 表示动作的伴随状态,所以这里用的是伴随状语的用法,它描述了主语在执行谓语动作escaped the hunter时的另外一个动作或状态。
(2)过去分词短语
- 构成:过去分词(以-ed结尾或不规则形式)+宾语/状语
- 功能:表示被动或完成的动作。
- 例子:Encouraged by his friends, he decided to try again. Encouraged by his friends是过去分词短语,修饰主语he, 表示原因。Encouraged by his friends在句子中作原因状语。
1.2 分词短语的用法
(1)作定语(修饰名词)
分词短语可以修饰名词,相当于形容词的作用。它可以放在名词前面或后面。
- 现在分词短语作定语:The girl standing under the tree is my sister. standing under the tree修饰名词The girl。
- 过去分词短语作定语:The book written by him was very popular. written by him修饰名词The book.
(2)作状语(修饰动词或整个句子)
看上面的状语部分。
1.3 分词短语的逻辑主语
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,句子会显得不通顺,这种现象称为”分词短语的悬垂”。
如Running quickly, the bus was caught. 这里的Running quickly修饰的主语只有the bus, 但Running quickly修饰the bus时逻辑不通顺。正确的句子表达应该是Running quickly, he caught the bus.
1.4 分词短语的独立主格结构
有时分词短语可以带有自己的主语,形成独立主格结构,这种结构在句子中通常作状语。
例子:Weather permitting, we will go hiking tomorrow. Weather permitting是一个独立主格结构,其中permitting是现在分词,weather是其主语。